Transport agency ZTM Warsaw in Poland floated the idea around 18 months ago of taking a CapEx-free approach to procuring its new fare system. It would order 12,000 validators and other capital expenditures, offering to pay vendors fees once ticket revenue was flowing in.
The question was, would vendors go along with the idea, given that they would be taking on more risk and finance costs to implement the new ticketing system, while their compensation could be delayed. The answer now appears to be in: